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Sierra Club Wilderness trips and expeditions
Club:
Sierra Club
Chapter: Michigan (Mackinac)
Group: Central Upper Peninsula (CUPG)
Leader: Michael Neiger, Marquette,
Michigan (Web site; e-mail;
bio)
Type: Winter Backpacking
Destination: Pigeon River Country State
Forest
Dog Lake Flooding
Cheboygan County
Wolverine, Michigan
When: 8 a.m. Friday, December 1, to
midafternoon, Monday, December 4
Level: Intermediate-level, off-trail,
winter backpacking
Difficulty: Strenuous; cold/foul-weather
Prerequisites: Participants do not
have to be members of the Sierra Club. Prior backpacking experience
and cold-weather/foul-weather gear required.
Costs: A $10 (U.S. funds) voluntary
donation to the Central Upper Peninsula Group of the Sierra Club to
offset organizing costs (maps, phone calls, group equipment, etc.) is
recommended but not required.
Sign-up deadline: Required by November
29
Sign-up process: After thoroughly reviewing
the material presented below, contact
trip leader to sign up. If
this is your first trip with the leader, you should submit a completed
Participant Questionnaire, which is available by e-mail from
the leader.
Trailhead lodging and
assembly location: To be announced by e-mail about a week prior
to trip
Leader: Michael
Neiger, Marquette, Michigan (Web site;
e-mail; bio)
Club: Sierra
Club; Chapter: Michigan;
Group: Central
Upper Peninsula
This 4-day, 32-klick (km), intermediate-level, winter
backpacking trip will involve a map-and-compass, off-trail recon of the
bush near the Dog Lake Flooding area in the Pigeon River Country State
Forest. This area is also traversed by portions of the High County Pathway
and the Shore-to-Shore Trail. This late in the season, river crossings
will be limited to shallow-water fords at most.
Since this area is home to the majestic Elk, we'll
be keeping an eye out for this elusive animal. In lieu of the real thing,
we'll be watching closely for signs of its passing: ground spoor (tracks,
scrapes, sheds, and bones) and aerial spoor (rubs, hair). To read about
the numerous wildlife sightings on last spring's trip to this area, read
Mary Powell's (Flint) trip
journal. To view 39 photos from this same trip, view Khai Mong's (Ann
Arbor) photo
album.
Day 1 (Fri): 9-klick trek (bushwhacking, old
railroad grades, and jeep trails) from junction of Clark Road and Center
Line Road in Sections 9/10 (UTM 711240mE 5015515mN, NAD '27, Zone 16)
south to the west bank of the Black River (Section16), and then west to
our bivouac at an old, logging-era, railroad grade along the east bank
of McMasters Creek in Section 19 (UTM 707710mE 5012240mN, NAD '27, Zone
16).
Day 2 (Sat): 8-klick trek (bushwhacking, old
railroad grades, and jeep trails) from Friday night bivouac on McMasters
Creek northwest to our bivouac at the earthen dam at the outlet of Dog
Lake Flooding in Section 11 (704200mE 5015910mN, NAD '27, Zone 16), the
headwaters of McMasters Creek.
Day 3 (Sun): 9-klick trek (bushwhacking, old
railroad grades, and jeep trails) from Saturday night's bivouac at the
Dog Lake Flooding Dam west, over the height of land between the Black
and Pigeon River watersheds, to the our bivouac at the confluence of the
Pigeon River and McIntosh Creek in Section 5 (698720mE 5017480mN, NAD
'27, Zone 16) .
Day 4 (Mon): 6-klick trek (bushwhacking, old
railroad grades, and jeep trails) from Sunday night's biouvac at the confluence
of the Pigeon River and McIntosh Creek upstream along the creek and then
west to the High Country Pathway and along the pathway to our vehicles
at the intersection of Dog Lake Road and Osmun Road in Section 34 (702600mE
5019250mN, NAD '27, Zone 16).
The 93,000-acre Pigeon River Country State Forest consists
of seven campgrounds, over 90 miles of hiking trails, 27 miles of horse-riding
trails, numerous limestone sinkhole lakes, and several rivers.
History
After heavy logging between 1860 and 1910, the area
suffered disastrous, uncontrolled fires for years. Fires burned significant
acreage as late as the 1930's. Unsuccessful attempts to convert the
land to farms resulted in large parts of the area reverting to State
of Michigan ownership through either tax reversion or purchase. In 1919,
the area was designated a state forest and tree planting began soon
thereafter. Planting and forest recreation development expanded with
the establishment of a Civilian Conservation Corps Camp in the region.
The headquarters buildings along the Pigeon River were built between
1934 and 1935.
Elk & wildlife
Seven elk released in 1918 increased to as many
as 500 by 1927. Illegal shooting of elk in 1974 resulted in a record-high
loss of 45 animals. By 1975, the herd was estimated to number only 200
animals. The herd eventually recovered and now exceeds 1,100 animals,
making it the largest wild elk herd east of the Mississippi River. To
control crop damage and allow forest regeneration, limited harvests
of the elk are scheduled from time to time. In addition to elk, the
region is inhabited by deer, bear, bobcat, coyote, grouse, woodcock,
snowshoe hare, squirrels (gray, black, and fox), pine martin, beaver,
otter, muskrat, waterfowl, and numerous songbirds.
Gas & oil exploration
After the discovery of gas and oil deposits under
the south-central portion of the region in the 1970's, commercial exploration
and development began. By 1984, nearly 857,000 barrels of oil and 9,200,000
million cubic feet of gas were being removed from the area annually.
(Contains material adapted from the Pigeon River
Country State Forest brochure, courtesy of the Michigan Department
of Natural Resources)
- Pigeon River State Forest
Headquarters, DNR: 1-989-983-4101, http://www.michigandnr.com
- Indian River Chamber
of Commerce (elk viewing maps and tips), 1-800-EXIT-310,
http://www.irchamber.com
- Gaylord Area Convention
and Tourism Bureau: 1-800-345-8621, http://www.gaylord-mich.com
- Field Guide to the
High Country Pathway, 1997, booklet with topo maps keyed to
text, by the Pigeon River Country Association, P.O. Box 122, Gaylord,
Michigan 49735 ($5, 24 pages; may be available from the Indian River
Chamber of Commerce).
- High Country Pathway
Map , 1990 map with text, Michigan Department of Natural Resources,
Information Services Center, P.O. Box 30028, Lansing, Michigan 48909.
- Green Timbers Map,
1993 map with text, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Information
Services Center, P.O. Box 30028, Lansing, Michigan 48909.
- Hiking Michigan book,
by Mike Modrzynski (Falcon Press, 1996).
- Backpacking in Michigan
book , second edition, by Pat Allen and Gerald L. DeRuiter (University
of Michigan Press, 1989).
- "Hiking with the
Herd," by James Campbell, in Backpacker Magazine, Oct
'00, page 97.
- The Pigeon River Country--A
Michigan Forest book, by Dale Clarke Franz, et al., by
the Pigeon River Country Association, P.O. Box 122, Gaylord, Michigan
49735 (300 pages; history of gas exploration and preservation efforts).
- Pigeon River Country
State Forest Map, 1985 map with text, Michigan Department of
Natural Resources, Information Services Center, P.O. Box 30028, Lansing,
Michigan 48909.
- Learn more by searching
destination on the Internet: http://www.google.com
- Cheboygan County Sheriff: Cheboygan, 1-231-627-3155
- Presque Isle County Sheriff: Rogers City,
1-517-734-2156
- Otsego County Sheriff: Gaylord, 1-517-732-6484
- Montmorency County Sheriff: Atlanta, 1-517-785-4238
- Michigan State Police: Cheboygan, 1-231-627-9973
- Michigan State Police: Alpena, 1-517-354-4101
- Michigan State Police: Gaylord, 1-517-732-5141
- Hospital: Cheboygan, 1-231-627-4339
- Hospital: Rogers City, 1-517-734-2151
- Hospital: Gaylord, 1-517-731-2100
- Hospital: Alpena, 1-517-356-7252
- Sierra Club Outings Department 24-hour help
line: 1-888-outings
- Trekker must be 18 years old or older
- Trekker must be drug-free and a non-smoker
and non-drinker
- Trekker must practice low impact travel and
bivouac skills, leaving alcohol, pets, and speaker radios at home
- Trekker must have prior wilderness tripping
experience
- Trekker must be fully equipped with
lightweight gear including rucksack, bivouac gear, survival gear,
foul-weather gear, rations, stove, etc.
- Trekker must by very physically fit
(good aerobic endurance)
- Trekker must have a strong mind and
an adventurous spirit
- Trekker must be comfortable around water and
a proficient swimmer
- Trekker must be able, willing, and equipped
to travel off-trail and bushwhack through challenging, thickly-forested,
mountainous terrain with a fully-loaded rucksack
- Trekker must be able, willing, and equipped
to slog through muddy, wet, tangled swamps with a fully-loaded
rucksack
- Trekker must be able, willing, and equipped
to ford or swim unbridged rivers and lake narrows with fully-loaded
rucksack, wrapped in a tarp, floating alongside.
- Trekker must be able, willing, and equipped
to travel and bivouac in foul weather.
- Trekker must be able, willing, and equipped
to travel and bivouac in very remote areas, far from roads, dry
& level campsites, potable water, toilets, and fire rings.
- Notice:
please review the homepage on this Web
site for general wilderness tripping requirements
- Hypothermia warning:
I have had to intervene on several cases of hypothermia in the past,
5 times in one year alone. These incidents were largely the result of
trippers who were trying to go ultra-light and were not carrying the
multiple, redundant layers of clothing that I recommend. Reversing hypothermia
takes hours of work on the part of others on the trip--a lot more work
than is required to pack a couple extra pounds of warm clothing.
- State Land bivouac advisory:
Anyone camping on land owned by the State of Michigan is required by
law (Natural Resource and Environmental Protection Act, Sec. 74201 et
seq., P.A. 451 of 1994) by the Department
of Natural Resources (DNR) to post a Camp
Registration Card (Form no. PR 4134) at their campsite. This permit--which
is free--must be filled out in pencil (to make it legible when wet).
Since the permit (view
permit as PDF file) is perforated and made of heavy cardstock to
withstand weathering, it can not be reproduced. These 8.5- by 11-inch
permits can be picked up from any Michigan
DNR office, or they can be ordered by e-mailing the DNR at DNR-FMD-TREES@michigan.gov.
While these permits are usually provided by the trip leader, you should
consider obtaining one when you are camping on your own, especially
the night before the start of a Sierra Club trip. There is a substantial
fine for not posting a Camp Registration Card.
- Crown Land bivouac advisory:
Anyone non-resident camping on land owned by the Crown-- the Canadian
government--outside of a provincial or national park, must purchase
a Crown Land
Camping Permit, which costs $10 Canadian per day, per person. These
permits are widely available through local outfitters and stores that
sell hunting and fishing licenses. They can also be purchased from the
Ministry
of Natural Resources. Waivers for these camping permits are available
for non-profit groups such as the Sierra Club, and are often applied
for by the trip leader a month or two in advance of a trip.
- Long-term parking advisory:
Reduce problems by keeping your car locked, relatively empty, and uninviting.
ALWAYS USE A LOCKING GAS CAP (they are very inexpensive [$10-15], especially
when compared to the alternative of a vandal ruining your engine or
emptying your gas tank miles from the nearest gas station).
- Sierra Club Liability Waiver Form:
National Sierra Club Policy requires that all trip participants read,
understand, and sign the club's liability waiver form before they can
participate in a club trip. Review and familiarize yourself with this
form--Acknowledgment of Outing Member
Responsibility, Express Assumption of Risk, and Release of Liability--before
the trip.
- Allergies to bee stings: If
you are allergic to bee stings, you must notify the leader in advance
of the trip. You must also agree to carry an injectable epinephrine
unit, such as an EpiPen or Ana-Kit, as prescribed by your doctor.
- Prohibition on cotton clothing: No
high-cotton-content clothing--save a bandana or two--is allowed to be
worn or carried in your rucksack for safety reasons. When wet, cotton
is hard to dry and can be deadly as wearing cotton clothing often leads
to hypothermia. Wool or synthetic clothing fashioned from nylon, supplex,
polypro, fleece, or microfibers are much safer and easier to manage
in foul weather.
Top
Sierra Club wilderness tripping and expeditioning--especially
remote, foul-weather travel, bushwhacking cross-country, cliff and steep
slope travel, climbing, cave exploration, river fording, swimming, canoeing,
portaging, skiing, snoeshoeing, winter camping, ice crossing, etc.--involves
unknown and unpredictable hazards and perils.
- A participants failure to physically train
and mentally prepare oneself for a harsh Sierra Club wilderness trip;
acquire the necessary skills and equipment for the trip; and recognize,
take responsibility for, and avoid the unknown and unpredictable hazards
and perils that often present themselves on such a trip will likely
result in the serious injury, paralysis, or slow, painful death of the
participant. There is no emergency medical equipment, doctor, nurse,
or other trained emergency medical provider on Sierra Club wilderness
trips.
- There is no means of contacting emergency
medical personnel or rescue personnel on Sierra Club wilderness trips.
Emergency communications equipment, cell phones, satellite phones, GPS
units, and satellite beacons (ELTs, PLDs, & EPIRBs) are not provided,
and can't always be relied upon when they are carried.
- Search and rescue services, emergency medical
care, and evacuation of the non-ambulatory may be very difficult and
costly to arrange; in some cases, the wait could be very long, painful,
and fatal. On wilderness trips through remote areas in Michigan and
Canada, it may take several days of rigorous travel by uninjured volunteers
before emergency personnel can even be contacted for help.
Prior to undertaking a wilderness trip or expedition,
it is highly recommended that a participant have a comprehensive health
checkup, which should include a:
- thorough physical exam
- stress test
- dental examination
Prior to undertaking a wilderness trip or expedition,
it is highly recommended that a participant obtain the proper insurance
coverage, including:
- medical insurance
- prescription insurance
- dental insurance
- evacuation insurance
- trip cancellation insurance
- disability insurance
- life insurance
Vendors for trip, medical, and evacuation insurance
include:
- GPS Personal Locator Beacons that integrate
GPS position fixes with 406MHz and 121.5MHz transmitters:
- Personal Locator Beacon Rentals:
- Satellite Phone Rentals:
- Survival kit:
An in-pocket (on-your-person) survival
kit (knife, waterproof matches, firestarters, compass, and whistle)
is highly recommended. Sierra Club loaner survival kits are available
from the club stores for free by prior arrangement.
- Fire-proof stove base:
Carry a heat-resistant, fire-proof stove base to prevent ground fires,
which have been a problem in the past.
- River-fording gear:
River-fording footwear, pack towel, and shorts are mandatory
- Water containers:
Containers to hump 4 quarts of water are mandatory
- Water supply: Bring
an adequate amount of water to the trailhead as there is generally no
water available.
- Safety
glasses: It is highly recommended that some form of eye protection--safety
glasses--be worn while bushwhacking.
- Equipment waterproofing:
To keep your gear dry during foul weather or when floating rucksack
(wrapped in a tarp) across a river or other waterway, the main compartment
should be lined with a huge heavy-duty "contractor" grade
plastic bag. Critical items within the "contractor" bag, such
as clothing, sleeping bag, and rations, should be further protected
from moisture by lining the stuff sacks containing these items with
heavy-duty "garbage compactor" bags. Avoid using regular garbage
bags as they tear to easily. A waterproof rain cover should enclose
the pack when it is raining or while it is being floated across a waterway.
- Hydration and snack
consumption on trail: It is recommended that you carry a water
bottle and snacks on your waistbelt in separate pouches so you can snack
and sip water while underway. Snacking and drinking water are essential
for avoiding dehydration, hypothermia, and exhaustion when things get
challenging, especially late in the date or during foul weather. Sierra
Club loaner snack pouches and water bottle carriers are available from
the club stores for free by prior arrangement.
- Canadian trips:
- Canadian money: You
may want to consider getting Canadian money from your local bank
before the trip, or using one of the money exchange services located
in Sault Ste. Marie, Canada, if they are open when you cross the
boarder. Currency exchange calculators on the Net include XE.com:
Universal Currency Converter http://www.xe.com/ucc/
or X-Rates: Canadian dollars exchange rate http://www.x-rates.com/cgi-bin/show
- Gasoline: You may
want to consider topping off your gas tank, before you cross the
border, in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
- Identification: Bring
appropriate identification with you to reduce problems getting into
Canada as well as back into the United States. If you don't have
a visa, a copy of your birth certificate can help establish your
identity.
- Breakfasts--4
(3 if arriving after breakfast)
- Snacks--4
- Lunches--4
- Dinners--3
- Backup rations--1 full day (breakfast,
snack, lunch, dinner)
Measure, weigh, and triple
check your rations. You should be carrying about 1.75-2.75 pounds of dry
weight food, or about 2700-4500 calories of food per day, depending on
your body weight and exertion level. It is recommended that you avoid
"bulk" packaging and instead pack each meal serving individually
in its own, separate plastic bag. This system has the following
advantages over putting all of your snacks, say nuts for the whole trip,
in one bag:
- You'll know for sure at home
(visually) that you've packed enough food;
- In the bush, you'll now exactly
how much to eat without eating into another days rations; and
- You will further reduce the
chances of your food getting ruined if moisture penetrates the food
bag itself as the moisture will still have to work its way into each
and every single, individual meal unit.
Meticulous ration planning,
measuring, and packaging is tedious but essential for safe & successful
long-range recon of remote wilderness. Additional menu planning information
is available on the rations and stoves page.
[ ] Waterproof matches
[ ] Waterproof firestarters
[ ] Magnesium firestarter (recommended)
[ ] Sturdy pocket knife
[ ] Compass
[ ] Whistle
[ ] Signal mirror (recommended)
[ ] Map of area
[ ] Elastic ankle wrap
[ ] Moleskin
[ ] Vaseline
[ ] Band-Aids
[ ] Waterproof first-aid tape
[ ] Pain relief medication
[ ] Anti-inflammatory medication
[ ] Cold & flu medications
[ ] Small tweezers
[ ] Small scissors
[ ] 20 feet of 1/8-inch braided nylon cordage
[ ] Duct tape
[ ] Sewing kit
[ ] 1 very thin balaclava
[ ] 2 thick hats that can be worn together
[ ] 1 pair of sun glasses
[ ] 1 pair of safety glasses (for bushwhacking)
[ ] Prescription glasses (spare if important)
[ ] Bandana
[ ] Sun hat (optional)
[ ] Rain hat (optional)
[ ] 3 or 4 thin polypro tops
[ ] 2 1/4-inch thick fleece or micro-fiber-insulated jackets.
[ ] 1 1/4-inch thick fleece or micro-fiber-insulated vest
[ ] 1 thin breathable nylon shirt
[ ] 1 nylon rain parka (no vinyl; no ponchos)
[ ] A heavily-insulated parka with hood is advisable on early spring
and late fall trips
[ ] 1 pair of mittens
[ ] 1 or 2 pair of 1/4-inch thick fleece or micro-fiber-insulated
pants (sidezips are very handy)
[ ] 1 or 2 pair of polypro long underwear
[ ] 1 pair of thin nylon hiking pants
[ ] 1 pair of nylon rain pants (no vinyl)
[ ] 1 pair of hiking/swim shorts
[ ] 1 pair of sturdy boots (insulated for late- or
early-season trips)
[ ] 3 pair of thick synthetic socks
[ ] 2 pair of liner socks (optional)
[ ] 1 pair of short gaiters (optional)
[ ] 1 pair of river fording shoes/sandals
[ ] 1 large rucksack lined with contractor-grade
plastic bag
[ ] Raincover
[ ] Waist belt water bottle parka
[ ] Waist belt snack pouch (optional)
[ ] Tarp and bivy; or small tent and cook fly
[ ] Stakes and ropes to rig tent or tarp
[ ] 20 degree sleeping bag
[ ] Sleeping pad
[ ] Sleeping booties (optional)
[ ] Flashlight (LED is recommended)
[ ] Spare battery
[ ] Candle
[ ] 1 bottle of 100% DEET
[ ] 1 spare bottle of 100% DEET
[ ] 1 headnet
[ ] 1 spare headnet
[ ] 2 one-quart durable water bottles
[ ] 1 two-quart water bladder
[ ] Water purification system (iodine tablets recommended)
[ ] 1 spare bottle of iodine tablets
[ ] Lightweight backpacking stove
[ ] Fuel for stove (five to six fuel tabs per day for Esbit Nato stoves)
[ ] Lighter
[ ] Windscreen for stove
[ ] Fireproof base for stove
[ ] Pot holder
[ ] Pot
[ ] Lid for pot
[ ] Spoon
[ ] Mug
[ ] 50-foot food-hanging rope (use cheap, hard, 1/8-inch-diameter, slippery
rope)
[ ] Personal medications
[ ] Driver's license
[ ] Birth certificate and/or passport (recommended for Canadian trips)
[ ] Emergency phone numbers
[ ] Credit cards
[ ] Cash and travelers checks
[ ] Medical and dental insurance cards
[ ] Sunscreen
[ ] Lipbalm with sunblock
[ ] Wrist chronograph
[ ] Paperback book (optional)
[ ] Spare prescription glasses (if needed)
[ ] Toilet paper
[ ] Synthetic pack towel
[ ] Toothbrush
[ ] Toothpaste or toothpowder
[ ] Toothpicks & dental floss
[ ] Handcleaner (optional)
[ ] Plastic spade (optional)
[ ] Lightweight engine oil for easier starting in
deep cold
[ ] Extra car key on lanyard
[ ] Vehicle registration papers
[ ] Vehicle insurance papers
[ ] Locking gas cap
[ ] Heavy-duty battery in good condition
[ ] Road map (Michigan 1-800-292-2520; Canada 1-800-268-3736)
[ ] County map book for Michigan trips
[ ] Spare tire (check pressure!!)
[ ] Tire jack and lug nut wrench
[ ] Snow shovel (spade in summer)
[ ] Windshield scraper and snow brush (winter)
[ ] Vehicle Safety Checks: tire pressure, wiper blades, front and rear
wiper fluid, oil, radiator fluid (subzero rating), transmission fluid
[ ] Jumper cables
[ ] Nylon tow strap
[ ] Single-bit axe (optional)
[ ] Bow saw (optional)
[ ] Hi-lift bumper jack (optional)
[ ] Hand-operated winch (optional)
[ ] Pick axe (optional)
[ ] Tire inflation system (optional)
[ ] Engine-block heater for pre-warming frozen engines (optional)
[ ] Long extension cord for engine-block heater (optional)
More equipment information
- Pigeon River Country State Forest,
1985 (free, 8.5 by 11), Pigeon River State Forest Headquarters, 1-989-983-4101
- Pigeon River Country
State Forest Access Map, 1994,
(free, 17 by 22), Pigeon River State Forest Headquarters, 1-989-983-4101
- Shingle Mill Pathway
Map, 1992 (free, 8.5 by 11), Pigeon River State Forest Headquarters,
1-989-983-4101
- Green Timbers Map,
1993 (free, 8.5 by 11), Pigeon River State Forest Headquarters,
1-989-983-4101
- High Country Pathway
Map (free, 8.5 by 11), Pigeon River State Forest Headquarters,
1-989-983-4101
- Field Guide to the
High Country Pathway ($5, 24 pages), Pigeon River Country Association,
P.O. Box 122, Gaylord, Michigan 49735, (May be available from
the Indian River Chamber of Commerce at 1-800-EXIT-310)
- Clear Lake--Jackson
Lake Hiking Trail Map (free, 8.5 by 11), Pigeon River State
Forest Headquarters, 1-989-983-4101
- Sinkhole Area Map,
1990 (free, 8.5 by 11), Pigeon River State Forest Headquarters, 1-989-983-4101
- Sinkhole Pathway Map,
1990 (free, 8.5 by 11), Pigeon River State Forest Headquarters,
1-989-983-4101
- Elk Viewing Map, Indian
River Chamber of Commerce, 1-800-EXIT-310
County map ordering
information
- Grid coordinate system
1000-meter Universal
Transverse Mercator Grid (UTM)
- UTM grid horizontal map datum:
1927 North American
Datum (NAD 27 CONUS) for Michigan trips
1927 & 1983
North American Datum (NAD 27 CA & NAD 83) for Canadian trips
- UTM grid zone:
Zone 16
- UTM grid hemisphere:
Northern hemisphere
- Unit of measure:
Metric
- Battery type:
Lithium, for deep
cold, or long-range use
Alkaline, for
3-season use
- Battery type setting:
Select type of
battery (lithium, alkaline, or Ni-Cad);
battery discharge-rate
differences affect meter accuracy
GPS
configuration information
- Roamer UTM plotter scale(s):
1:24,000 &
1:25,000 for Michigan trips
1:20,000 &
1:50,000 for Canadian trips
- Ranger pacing
beads:
Metric--9 100-meter
beads; 4 1-kilometer beads
- Magnetic declination setting on compass:
0° of offset
Land
nav team information
- Backpacking
skills
- Land nav skills
- River fording
skills
- Rip current
safety skills
- Water
purification skills
- Lightning safety
- Low-impact skills
- Backpacking
links, books, & vendors
- Ultralight
backpacking links, books, & vendors
- Swift-water
paddling skills
- Paddling
links, books, & vendors
- Dressing warm
skills
- Sleeping warm
skills
- Winter-camping
skills
- Ice-crossing
skills
- Snowshoe
links, books, & vendors
- Winter-camping
links, books, & vendors
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